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Сухопутные войска (lit. ground forces) would be approximately equivalent to the ArmyВоенно-воздушные силы or ВВС would be same as the Air Force.
Военно-морской флот or ВМФ is, of course, the Navy
Воздушно-десантные войска or ВДВ are not the Marines, but rather Airborne soldiers. These guys are so tough, they have a holiday of their own on August 2. So, if you are a red beret in the US Army, you get much respect from your father-in-law for sure.
Now, Вооружённые силы Российской Федерации (Armed Forces of the Russian Federation) have something called космические войска which immediately brings to mind the Starship Troopers movie (or am I the only one?). These are Aerospace Defense Forces. The final one is Strategic Missile Troops or ракетные войска стратегического назначения. I think these last two are covered under the Air Force in the US.
So you can say Я служу/служил в ________________ (I serve/served in the ____________) using your branch of service instead of the blank. Don’t forget that you will have to use the prepositional case here.
Я служил в сухопутных войсках 6 лет. (I served in the Army for 6 years).
Я служу в военно-воздушных силах уже 15 лет. Ещё пять и смогу выйти на пенсию. (I’ve served in the Air Force for 15 years. Five more and I can retire).
Я сам не служил, но мой отец был морским пехотинцем (I didn’t serve myself, but my father was a Marine).
Now that we are clear with род войск (branch of the military), it’s time to figure out воинские звания (military ranks).
| Russian | English |
| Рядовой | Private |
| Ефрейтор | Private 1st class or lance-corporal |
| Младший сержант | Corporal |
| Сержант | Sergeant |
| Старший сержант | Staff Sergeant or Sergeant First Class |
| Старшина | Master Sergeant or Sergeant Major |
| Младший лейтенант | 2nd Leutenant |
| Лейтенант | - |
| Старший лейтенант | 1st Leutenant |
| Капитан | Captain |
| Майор | Major |
| Подполковник | Leutenant-Colonel |
| Полковник | Colonel |
| Генерал-майор | Brigadier General |
| Генерал-лейтенант | Major General |
| Генерал-полковник | Leutenant General |
| Генерал армии | General (four-star general) |
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